Redirection Commands

Descriptors

  • 0 or /dev/stdin - standard input

  • 1 or /dev/stdout - standard output

  • 2 or /dev/stderr - standard error

Redirection

Redirection Commands [2]

Command

Description

cmd > file

Output of cmd is redirected to file

cmd < file

Program cmd reads its input from file

cmd >> file

Output of cmd is appended to file

n > file

Output from stream with descriptor n redirected to file

n >> file

Output from stream with descriptor n appended to file

n >& m

Merges output from stream n with stream m

n >&-

Discards output from stream n

n <& m

Merges input from stream n with stream m

<< tag

Standard input comes from here through next tag at the start of line

|

Takes output from one program, or process, and sends it to another

References